Nothing to do with being psychic, comes from seeing the same problem, figuring out what could cause that problem, and then fixing it. It's the been there, done that concept.
Why did it happen? Well, that is a good question, and not one that I think is easy to answer. The first question would be were you working on anything on the car ? Since that fuse is on a switched circuit, ie there is no voltage if the key is turned off, it would have to have been on for that fuse to blow. DId you turn anything on and then notice you had no gauges?
I will yield to Tom on this, but the load on that circuit is fairly steady for the gauges, but there are three things on that circuit that I would be suspicious of, the washer pump motor, the wiper motor, and the heater motor. If any of them are having a problem, when you turned them on, they might be drawing too much current, hence the fuse blows. You replace the fuse, test everything one at a time, and it all works, but the entire load might be the problem, such as the heater motor and the wipers, and then hitting the washer at the same time.....
I find that the tin foil from gum works the best......